Russiagate

Russiagate

Decades In The Making

The Transnational Mob & Regressive Authoritarianism vs. Liberal Democracy & Personal Freedom

Russiagate Deathwatch

In parallel timeframe:

Must-Read: Disseminated on January 6, 2017, “Background to “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”: The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution

If you have never watched Rep. Adam Schiff‘s opening statement on March, 20, 2017, it is a good place to start.

THE CHRISTOPHER STEELE/Orbis DOSSIER published on Buzzfeed

The December 13, 2016 Steele update and statement filed April 14, 2017 that Orbis warned Sen. McCain immediately after the election of its findings

Michael Moore launches “​TrumpiLeaks” website for whistleblowers

CLICK ON NAMES FOR LINKS TO PAGES ON THIS WEBSITE

Putin’s Real Long Game Politico

The world order we know is already over, and Russia is moving fast to grab the advantage. Can Trump figure out the new war in time to win it? By MOLLY K. MCKEW POLITICO January 01, 2017

Some call it a Global War on Liberal Democracies. Rich authoritarians who can’t get enough, at peoples’ expense. It sure seems like they’re all friends, doing business and laundering each other’s money. They use established religion to gain more power, and in the case of Russian Chabad, to conduct mob activities via its established network.

  • THE TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME NETWORK are the ones who deal in drug, sex and human trafficking, arms dealing,and more. Semion Mogilevich is the FBI’s most wanted man, hunted by Robert Mueller, James Comey, Peter Strzok and Bruce Ohr for decades.  The Trump Organization has been laundering the Russian mafia’s money since the 80s, and the NY mafia before that. He did a lot of business with the Italian mafia as well. His dad went from whorehouse owner to slum lord. Manafort’s dad was into demolition with mafia ties, and Kellyanne Conway’s grandpa was a hitman for the NJ mob. Ironically, Giuliani was a mob buster when he took down many of New York’s “Five Families” and became Mayor in 1989. He prosecuted “the Mafia’s international heroin and cocaine ring in the “Pizza Connection” case” before signing off on a Mogilevich associate, Felix Sater‘s deal with Trump, convicted criminal blood diamond smuggler Lev Leviev and Alex Sapir in Bayrock.
  • SANCTIONS for the Occupation of Crimea and the Global Magnitsky Act Russia needs sanctions dropped in order to complete the largest business deal ever, between Rosneft and ExxonMobil, referenced in the Steele Dossier with a pending 19.5% stake for Team Trump. Exxon’s lifelong CEO/employee Rex Tillerson, former US Secretary of State,  broke tradition by meeting with Turkey’s Erdogan without an interpreter.The House passed the Sanctions bill, but Trump has not signed it and the office which enforces sanctions has been closed. Trump did sanction Nicaragua and Turkish men for detaining Christian minister Andrew Brunson, followed by Khashoggi’s death on their soil and the minister’s release, but not before bringing up the release of Gulen, whom Michael Flynn was charge with taking $500,000 for taking in a kidnapping coup. Turkey wants Fethullah Gulen. Russia wants Bill Browder who created The Magnitsky Act sanctions discussed during the June 9, 2016, meeting and pivotal to this day because they threaten the personal wealth of Putin, the Oligarchs, and others. Saudi Arabia brutally murdered Jamal Khashoggi on October 2, 2018. Putin tried to take control of INTERPOL, who has arrested Browder on numerous occasions at Putin’s request.
    • Oleg Deripaska‘s company
  • ENERGY Global Pipelines have global impact. The East Med Pipeline has been a Papadopoulos project for years. The approvals, deals and support following pipeline deals gets deeply political.  European Energy  Nuclear Power in MENA

The US “Why”, Mercer and the Kochs want a Convention of States to re-invent the Constitution.

U.S. Constitution Threatened as Article V Convention Movement Nears Success

HOW 

The FSB (Former KGB) and RISS, the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies think tank devised a plan to weaken our democracy and manipulate a right-wing government into power. Steve Bannon‘s “The Movement”, political consulting, is attempting to spread right-wing authoritarianism globally. He was Director of Cambridge Analytica, closed May 1, 2018, whose parent company, SCL (Social Limited), is involved with the Trump 2020 campaign and others internationally. The RNC will absorb the Trump 2020 Campaign. Brexit was its trial before the Trump Campaign, Ukraine before that. Robert Mercer invested in Cambridge Analytica, the Trump and Cruz campaigns, and more. Russia has done this with the help of Paul Manafort in Ukraine and Turkey; Brexit and separatist movements, and attempted to throw the French election towards LePen with Alt-Right trolls and a hacked and altered email dump. Montenegro and unknown numbers of elections have been influenced in the same manner.

  1. Conspiracy: The secret meetings and identifying the players who arranged, participated, and had knowledge of the Russian plan to influence the US election.
  2. The Money Trail: Money laundering of Russian oligarchs through the Trump Organization and associates including Paul Manafort, Felix Sater of Bayrock. Russian campaign financing of key Republicans made possible by Citizens United, and also via the NRA (National Rifle Association). The most powerful Russian mobster is Semion Mogilevich. His lieutenant was Felix Sater’s father, who established the Russian mob in Brighton Beach. Felix Sater was busted for a pump and dump scheme during an historic unification of the Five Families of NYC and the Russian mob.  Trump’s mentor was NY mafia consigliere Roy Cohn, and Trump Tower was built using mob concrete with the mob labor union looking the other way while Trump hired Polish immigrants to do the demolition prep. Many Italian Mafia and Russian criminals have been Trump property owners and tenants. Trump has a long history of business ties to people from former Soviet states. Sater went to Russia and became an FBI informant. When he returned to the US, Felix Sater formed Bayrock with the FL Group. One of his primary funding partners has been Bayrock, which built Trump Soho and many other Trump-branded properties, Bayrock is under investigation in the Netherlands for money laundering and tax evasion. Deutsche Bank: Several members of the Trump and Kushner families hold accounts at DB. Mueller has requested information. The Bank of Cyprus is connected to many questionable transactions, and Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross led it through the financial crisis. FINCEN (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network) investigation for money laundering. In March, 2015, Trump Taj Mahal settled for a civil money penalty of $10,000,000 for having “willfully violated the program, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act and its implementing regulations”.
  3. The Data Trail: The DNC Hack, RNC Hack, Hacking of Voter roll information, United in Purpose and Pioneer Solutions; Facebook;Trump subdomains; Trump, Kushner and Ivanka‘s private email servers; GOP MegaDonors Robert and Rebekah Mercer-owned and Bannon-directed Cambridge Analytica/SCL, and Parscale’s “Project Alamo”, which optimized the advertising and memes under Jared Kushner.  Officially no one has said that Russia changed actual votes (as pro-Trump media has falsely stated). The existence of malware and other direct Russian activity in our voting system and machines is also being investigated. Although Trump was calling elections “rigged” for years, he closed the agency responsible for protection elections and the voting process. Instead, Trump nominated Kris Kobach (CrossCheck) to lead an organization requesting an illegal amount of voter data from States, including voting historyPaul Manafort delivered Polling Data to Russia. Mueller said he didn’t believe the interpretation of data involving Betsy DeVos‘s Spectrum Health and Russian Alfa Bank through a Trump server were true, and the public has yet to fully understand the data.
  4. Propaganda, Disinformation and Active Measures-Hybrid Warfare, The Russians have broken it down and made it a science.  The goal is to cause division, get favorable candidates elected, and dominate from within. Social and Right Wing Media: Hacking and release of emails and information through Wikileaks and DC Leaks dumps of DNC / Clinton hacked emails. Having returned from Russia himself, now-guilty cooperating witness Michael Flynn spread Pizzagate conspiracies from Podesta emails to weaken Clinton. Alt-Right Meme Warriors on Reddit and Gab funded by American tech billionaire Peter Thiel (who has since left “liberal silicon valley”) with now-fired from Breitbart and disgraced hate speech provacateur Milo Yiannopoulos as the conduit; Russian Bots and Trolls employed by the Internet Research Agency posing as American Trump supporters and protestors; and the US social (Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, etc) & traditional media and Trump Campaign which furthered Russian-generated propaganda.  The Hamilton 68 dashboard tracks Russian bots real-time. Russians have invested in these companies.
  5. In a move of fraudulent informational self-dealing, these Fake News stories sometimes use Breitbart backer’s Robert and Rebekah Mercer & Peter “Clinton Cash” Schweizer’s unaccounted for “Governmental Accountability Institute as source “factual” material to back its fake news claims.
  6. The Cover Up, DiversionObstruction of Justice and Impeachment.
  7. Emoluments violations: New and Ongoing enrichment of the Administration since the Inauguration.
  8. Other Trump lawsuits, including Michael Cohen‘s payoff to a Playmate and Porn Star for silence before the election (and Trump’s friend David Pecker from American Media who bought story rights for the purposes of silencing it).
  9. Trump suggested a joint US-Russia cyber security task force at the G20 Summit which would entail sharing our system with them so they could hack us even more. At the end of January 2018, the heads of the FSB and RISS had a meeting with CIA Dir. Pompeo and DNI Dan Coats, despite one of them being on the sanctioned list and prohibited from entering the US.
  10. Trump Tower Moscow.    Trump’s business sought deal on a Trump Tower in Moscow while he ran for president Trump’s business sought deal on a Moscow Trump Tower during campaign While campaigning during the 2016 election, President Trump’s company was pursuing a plan to develop a massive Trump Tower in Moscow, according to several people familiar with the proposal. The Washington Post August 27, 2017

New York Daily News’ “A Very Simple Guide To Everyone In The Trump-Russia Investigation”

July 10, 2017: White House Press Briefing Started Clinton Russian Hacking Rumors, Again “Don Jr. took a very short meeting from which there was absolutely no follow-up.  Frankly, I think something that may make sense is looking at the Democrat National Committee coordinated opposition research directly with the Ukrainian Embassy.  This is not an accusation, that’s an on-the-record action that they took.  So if you’re looking for an example of a campaign coordinating with a foreign country or a foreign source, look no further than the DNC who actually coordinated opposition research with the Ukrainian Embassy.  And no one in this room to my knowledge really had a big problem with that. The only thing I see inappropriate about the meeting was the people that leaked the information on the meeting after it was voluntarily disclosed.  “
July 12, 2017 Cyber Berkut started publishing emails continued rumor that was played on Fox News for the next 5 days. It is believed to be an alter ego of Fancy Bear, pro-Russian hacker group It’s Not Over..Rachel Maddow Show    In Ukraine, a Malware Expert Who Could Blow the Whistle on Russian Hacking NY Times

Rachel Maddow Show  GOP Operative Peter Smith created scandals for Bill Clinton similarly to how Flynn has for Hillary. He tried to obtain the 33,000 Clinton emails on behalf of Flynn.

Election Hackers Altered Voter Rolls, Stole Private Data, Officials Say

“In one case, investigators found there had been a manipulation of voter data in a county database but the alterations were discovered and rectified, two sources familiar with the matter tell TIME. Investigators have not identified whether the hackers in that case were Russian agents.

The fact that private data was stolen from states is separately providing investigators a previously unreported line of inquiry in the probes into Russian attempts to influence the election. In Illinois, more than 90% of the nearly 90,000 records stolen by Russian state actors contained drivers license numbers, and a quarter contained the last four digits of voters’ Social Security numbers, according to Ken Menzel, the General Counsel of the State Board of Elections.

Congressional investigators are probing whether any of this stolen private information made its way to the Trump campaign, two sources familiar with the investigations tell TIME“If any campaign, Trump or otherwise, used inappropriate data the questions are, How did they get it? From whom? And with what level of knowledge?” the former top Democratic staffer on the House Intelligence Committee, Michael Bahar, tells TIME. “That is a crux of the investigation.”  Time  June 22, 2017 Massimo Calabresi

Who is investigating?

 

The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and House Intelligence Committees, and the Department of Defense are investigating the Russian interference in the 2016 Election. “Keith Olbermann – nonetheless confirmed last night, Tuesday, May 9th, that subpoenas were issued from the Eastern District of Virginia against associates of General Flynn.”  Patribotics

The US Treasury Department Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) which tracks money laundering worldwide and is sharing information with the investigation. The FinCEN is under Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin.

US Justice Preet Bharara was fired in January, after being personally assured by Trump in November after the election that he would not. Bharara was investigating Trump’s money laundering connections from Russians through his real estate. His jurisdiction was the headquarters of Trump and therefore the court for multiple lawsuits and ALSO presided over the Money Laundering Division in the Southern District of New York. Two days before going to trial, Jeff Sessions dropped the case.

The Inspector General at the Defense Department was the first to officially  investigated Michael Flynn, the announcement of which was followed by Jeff Sessions recusing himself from that investigation. The Inspector General at Jeff Sessions’ Justice Department started by investigating Clinton’s emails but has not stated if Sessions has recused himself from the Paul Manafort investigation.

New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman as well as Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. also have been examining real-estate transactions by Mr. [Paul] Manafort, who has spent and borrowed tens of millions of dollars in connection with property across the U.S. over the past decade” WSJ 

“A member of the Federal Election Commission is calling on the agency to investigate whether Russian agents paid for Facebook ads to spread damaging stories about Hillary Clinton ahead of last fall’s presidential election. “I think there is potential there for finding a violation, but I don’t want to suggest that I have prejudged anything that could potentially come before me,” said FEC Commissioner Ellen Weintraub, a Democratic appointee to the commission. Her assertion comes as agency staff is already moving to investigate a related complaint filed in December by a pair of watchdog groups against President Donald Trump’s campaign and the Russian government.” Politico  There are more. 17 US Intelligence agencies and the Netherlands.

“John O. Brennan, the former C.I.A. director, described on Tuesday a nerve-fraying few months last year as American authorities realized that the presidential election was under attack and feared that Donald J. Trump’s campaign might be aiding that fight. Mr. Brennan, in testimony before the House Intelligence Committee, said he was concerned by a series of suspicious contacts between Russian government officials and Mr. Trump’s associates. The C.I.A. learned about those meetings just as it was beginning to grapple with Russian hackers and propagandists trying to manipulate the presidential race.”  May 23, 2017 NY Times

June 2, 2017 Trump Reviewing Whether to Block Comey Testimony to Senate Independent analysts have said they don’t believe Comey, now a private citizen, can be stopped if he is intent on telling his story.” Bloomberg

May 26, 2017: NSA CHIEF Admiral Mike Rogers Admits Donald Trump Colluded with Russian “According to multiple reports, the president approached top intelligence bosses to coax them into joining Trump’s personal war with Comey. In particular, Trump is reported to have asked Dan Coats, the director of national intelligence (DNI), and Admiral Mike Rogers, director of the National Security Agency, to go public in denying that Team Trump had any ties to Russia during the 2016 election campaign. Admiral Rogers anecdotally flatly denied Trump’s request, which—if true—was inappropriate, unethical and dubiously legal, while Coats, a Trump appointee who’s only been in the DNI job since mid-March, likewise refused to back the president against the FBI. This was a stunning setback for Trump, who seems to view our nation’s top security officials as his personal employees who ought to follow his presidential whim rather than the law and the Constitution, which all of them take an oath to defend.” Observer Exclusive

Following are different resources of compiled information written as evidence has been revealed:  Salon, 4/9/17

PutinTrump.org: Mother Jones’ even deeper dive

THE CHRISTOPHER STEELE DOSSIER   The current investigation became widely known upon release of the 35-page memo which was authored by former British intelligence agent Christopher Steele of Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd.  “was hired between June and November last year by Fusion GPS, a Washington-based research consultancy to look into Trump’s links with Russia.”  Read the original “Golden Showers” intelligence report here courtesy Buzzfeed, released a month later. A second Steele memo was drafted December 13, 2016, including intelligence which had continued to come in unsolicited after the November election.  Court docs embedded in The Guardian      Buzzfeed

The Christopher Steele/Orbis memos reference Source A, Russian Foreign Ministry who had been feeding Trump intelligence on opponents including Clinton for several years, confirmed by Source D. Source B, an active top-level Russian intelligence officer “who asserted that the TRUMP operation was both supported and directed by Russian President Vladimir Putin. Its aim was to sow discord and disunity both within the US itself, but more especially within the Transatlantic alliance which was viewed as inimical to Russia’s interests. ”  In June 2016, Source B asserted there was enough “embarrassing material on the now Republican presidential candidate to be able to blackmail him if they so wished.” Source B confirmed a dossier of “kompromat” on Hillary Clinton but it was mainly recorded phone calls “and focused on things she had said which contradicted er current position on various issues.”.”Source C, a Senior Russian Financial Official said the TRUMP operation should be seen in terms of PUTIN’s desire to return to Nineteenth Century ‘Great Power’ politics anchored in countries’ interests rather than the ideals-based international order established after World War Two.”  “Source D, a close associate of Trump who had organized and managed his recent trips to Moscow, and who reported, also in June 2016, that this Russian intelligence had been “very helpful.”  Source E (most likely hotel staff) confirmed the Moscow Ritz-Carlton Presidential Suite “Golden Showers” prostitute party in 2013 and introduced Source F, a female hotel staffer who worked there at the time. “Source G, a senior Kremlin official, confided that the CLINTON dossier was controlled exclusively by chief Kremlin spokesman, Dmitriy PESKOV, who was responsible for compiling/handling it on the explicit instructions of PUTIN himself.”

One of the main tactics used by the Kremlin to control politicians is through “Kompromat”:  compromising material and dossiers kept on individuals under the control of Dmitriy Peskov and/or Department K of the FSBSteele

Putin controlled a think tank to sway the US Elections, and the knowledge thereof started the FBI Investigations called the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies or RISS [en.riss.ru/] “Neither of the Russian institute documents mentioned the release of hacked Democratic Party emails to interfere with the U.S. election, according to four of the officials. The officials said the hacking was a covert intelligence operation run separately out of the Kremlin. The overt propaganda and covert hacking efforts reinforced each other, according to the officials. Both Russia Today and Sputnik heavily promoted the release of the hacked Democratic Party emails, which often contained embarrassing details.” Reuters Exclusive


Fake News & Propaganda

“Just as most soldiers believe bullets will hit only others, not themselves, most citizens like to think that their own minds and thought processes are invulnerable. ‘Other people can be manipulated, but not me,’ they declare.” — Margaret Singer, Ph.D.

Fake news and propaganda threaten our democracy and limit meaningful conversation.
The 9 Russian Words That Explain KremlinGate  It’s International Talk Like a Chekist Day—here’s a quick primer on kombinatsiya, konspiratsiya and more By  March 28, 2017

“ProvokatsiyaProvocation is complicated, but at its most basic involves secret acts to confuse and dismay your enemy. The recent antics of Devin Nunes, chair of the House Intelligence Committee—positing conflicting and unsubstantiated allegations of malfeasance by our spy agencies—are a classic provocation designed to divert attention from the White House as its Russia crisis mounts. Provokatsiya gets more complicated and nefarious from there, with the ultimate aim of turning the tables on your enemy and defeating him detail—before he realizes what’s happened.

Konspiratsiya (yes, conspiracy), the Russian term for what we call espionage tradecraft. This is the clandestine nuts and bolts of recruiting and running agents, placing targets under surveillance, running covert action and whatnot.

Kompromat (compromising material), which is used to coercively recruit people to spy for Russia—and to keep already recruited agents in line.

Dezinformatsiya (disinformation) is another Russian term once known only to espionage mavens but which, thanks to the events of 2016, now falls off the tongue of average citizens. Deza, as it’s called for short, is the original “fake news,” an alluring amalgam of fact and fantasy—much of it unverifiable—designed to confuse readers and shift political discussions. It was part of the KGB’s Cold War arsenal, when Chekists faked documents and disseminated lies through trusted Western journalists, in order to embarrass the West, especially NATO and the United States. Some of these vintage disinformation fables are still with us, despite being debunked decades ago.

Aktivniyye Meropriyatiya (Active Measures), which is a vital Chekist concept lacking a precise Western equivalent. It roughly aligns with our notion of political warfare, albeit with a highly clandestine side. The bureaucratically bland-sounding KGB definition of Active Measures covers a broad brush of nefarious spy-games.

Pushing disinformation is perhaps too easy these days, and now the FBI is investigating the Kremlin-to-far-right-websites deza loop which has become commonplace in America.”


A Brief History of How Fake News Spreads So Easily on Facebook  The Nation  

Psychops meets Big Data:The Internet Research Agency, St. Petersburg, led by Putin’s “chef” Yevgeny Prighozin employed bots and thousands of human trolls to attack our democracy. Using the Mercer money and known Russian Intelligence front-funded Cambridge Data Analytics, board member Steve Bannon (Mercer-backed Breitbart News) and former Trump Campaign manager from March-August 2016 and foreign political strategist, Paul Manafort, together with Brad Parscale’s Project Alamo and Facebook employees onsite and Rebekah Mercer’s input from afar, tested each social media meme in sometimes 100,000+ variations to target and manipulate each voter on an individual basis, concentrating on vulnerable districts, using a minimum of 5,000 data points. Israeli military intelligence psyops were also employed by Psy-Group, and Cambridge Analytica’s parent company SCL Elections also has had a working relationship with ex-Mossad Black Cube. Russians hacked all 50 states and obtained voter roll information to complement their efforts. Polling data was passed from Manafort to the Russians via intermediaries. Everyone was affected by this attack, one way or another. Fake Russian accounts created Trump rallies, and misogynist “Bernie Bros” are thought to have been Russian trolls in part. Even Jill Stein had dinner with Putin and Flynn in December 2015 in Moscow. Bernie Sanders‘s ties go back to the early 80s.

The NPR interview with Buzzfeed’s fake news analyst

CNBC “Biggest Fake News Stories of 2016”

Unfortunately, our President gets his news from fake sources, former National Security Adviser Michael Flynn has been a promoter, our Chief Strategist Steve Bannon has long been at the helm with Breitbart News, and Trump’s friend and loyalist, Robert Ailes, has gone down with Bill O’Reilly, Alex Jones, Milo, and others.

How Trump Gets His Fake News, Politico, Shane Goldmacher, May 15, 2017

The “fake but accurate” climate change news delivered to Trump? It’s fake all the way down. Vox David Roberts May 16, 2017

World War Meme: How a group of anonymous keyboard commandos conquered the internet for Donald Trump—and plans to deliver Europe to the far right.

Over 100 Macedonian fake news sites have been fueling the Right.

Vanity Fair compares Putin’s propaganda playbook to Trump’s

Here’s what the BBC has to say.…and their Fact-checking site

Dr. Noam Chomsky with Abby Martin: War, Imperialism and Propaganda

Rick Ross runs the Cult Education Institute and here are many links regarding mind control.

Why We Believe Obvious Untruths

Samantha Bee’s producers interviewed pro-Trump trolls in Russia

RISS/Russian Institute For Strategic Studies, released two strategic documents in June 2016 and October 2016. “Neither of the Russian institute documents mentioned the release of hacked Democratic Party emails to interfere with the U.S. election, according to four of the officials. The officials said the hacking was a covert intelligence operation run separately out of the Kremlin.”  Reuters
The June and October 2016 papers were written under Leonid Reshetnikov, who retired in January 2017, and was replaced by Mikhail Fradkov. “Fradkov headed Russia’s SVR foreign intelligence agency for nine years. Before that he served for three years as Russian prime minister.”  RISS Mikhail Fradkov is now “Almaz-Antey” Chairman of the Board of Directors RISS    On Jan. 31, the websites of Putin’s office [bit.ly/2os9wMr] and the institute [bit.ly/2oLn9Kd] posted a picture and transcript of Reshetnikov and his successor Fradkov meeting with Putin in the Kremlin.  Reuters

“Russia Today and Sputnik published anti-Clinton stories while pro-Kremlin bloggers prepared a Twitter campaign calling into question the fairness of an anticipated Clinton victory, according to a report by U.S. intelligence agencies on Russian interference in the election made public in January. [bit.ly/2kMiKSA]

Russia Today’s most popular Clinton video – “How 100% of the 2015 Clintons’ ‘charity’ went to … themselves” – accumulated 9 millions views on social media, according to the January report. [bit.ly/2os8wIt]

The report said Russia Today and Sputnik “consistently cast president elect-Trump as the target of unfair coverage from traditional media outlets.”

The report said the agencies did not assess whether Moscow’s effort had swung the outcome of the race in Trump’s favor, because American intelligence agencies do not “analyze U.S. political processes or U.S. public opinion.” [bit.ly/2kMiKSA]”  Reuters